Social media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media - Article Example The art in the area can be linked majorly on high technology manufacturing. With the development of numerous online users, Burning Man has become a major base where product and commercial products can develop (Turner, 2009). This brings in the concept of technology and how the same can make programs in the society successful. From the work of Weinberger (2011), one would argue that the same relates to that Botsman’s video (2015) and the work of Turner (2009) since this work explains how technology has transformed life. Weinberger (2011) writes that in this day, there is a possibility for the creation of machines that can even predict the future. This machine can simply compare information that exist in the past then make predication. From this description, one can tell how technology has been used as a major aspect in human lives in the society today. In as much one can question human understanding, what is evident is that technology is creating the possibility of devising systems that are major revolutions in the world today. The same case applies to the Havas report that explains the concept of the sharing economy and the new consumers. In this work, Havas Prosumer Report (2014) explain how the consumptions have changed with consumers being smarter and having complete change of attitude as opposed to the earlier centuries. Companies have been given a chance to transform their markets, and even enter in fields that they would not have before. This has been facilitated through technology that has allowed entrepreneurs access different ways of capitalizing on the existing sources of revenue. Product designs and innovation has also been revolutionized thanks to the application of technological advances. In line with these thoughts, it is arguable that the authors aim to bring out the concept that the globe is changing in

Should We Be so Quick to Judge People Essay Example for Free

Should We Be so Quick to Judge People Essay I ask this question in an attempt to focus on the tendencies of judging and the norm. Everybody has their own perceptions of what is normal and they make judgments based off of these perceptions. Many of these perceptions cause biases to be formed. A bias is â€Å"a particular tendency or inclination, esp. one that prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question; prejudice. † This essentially means that everyone has formed their own prejudice beliefs from life experience. Everyone has their own bias, whether it is towards a certain race, gender, music genre, what a person wears, and so forth. Biases are formed for almost everything you could possibly think of. So can someone truly understand a person by making quick judgments? Must we not first analyze and truly understand a person before we make a judgment about something like their personality or character. Thesis It is my belief that, in society today, everyone has the tendency to judge people. These judgments, whether rational or irrational, are, more often than not, based on biases and prior beliefs. These judgments could be right but, is it right to judge people? In a sense, can judging people based on your own perceptions be acceptable? There is the age old proverb: Don’t judge a book by its cover. This idea seems to be very true, because often we make judgments when we first meet a person. As we begin to understand and associate with this person we tend to find our judgment was not exactly correct, and that we misunderstood the true nature of this person. However, what if we stop making our judgments and not following our first instinct? Suppose we do not judge someone as a bad person, and therefore they take advantage of us. So should we try and avoid judging people? That too could become harmful to us in the future. In the oncoming sections I will show how judging people can be helpful in some cases; however I will also show how judging people so quickly can be wrong as well. In the end, I do believe that judgment is acceptable under certain terms which will be explained throughout. Analytical Section with Close Reading In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, Philip K. Dick constantly addresses the idea of judgment. In this book it seems that there is a lot of disapproval with judgment and yet it is still made. When talking about the androids, Phil Resch states: â€Å"This is necessary. Remember: they killed humans in order to get away. And if I hadn’t gotten you out of the Mission police station, they would have killed you. That’s what Garland wanted me for; that’s why he had me come down to his office. Didn’t Polokov almost kill you? Didn’t Luba Luft almost? We’re acting defensively’ they’re here on our planet- they’re murderous illegal aliens masquerading as-. This quote, to me, does show some judgment. Now looking at this statement it does someone like some rational thought was put into it; however, at certain points there is a sense of bias which makes me second guess the rationality of Phil Reschs’ thinking. When Resch states, â€Å"Didn’t Polokov almost kill you? Didn’t Luba Luft almost† , he is making judgments about these androids. However, these judgments have been based on prior actions made by the androids. That is to say, he does not simply try and say that Polokov and Luba Luft are bad because they are androids. Instead, he has seen how these androids have reacted to Rick and that has allowed him to judge their character. But, later in the quote he does make a much more irrational statement. When Resch states, â€Å"†¦ they’re here on our planet-they’re murderous illegal aliens†¦Ã¢â‚¬  , we see a completely new sense of judgment. When Resch claims that â€Å"they’re murderous illegal aliens† he has made a generalization about all androids. Yes, he has experienced androids who have attempted the murderous acts that he speaks of; however, because of this experience he now perceives all androids as murderous and unhelpful to society. Furthermore, even some of the androids could be seen as contributors to society. Rick points this out when he states â€Å"She was a wonderful singer. The planet could have used her. This is insane. † Rick brings an understanding that many of us may not have seen. Yes, some androids have done unforgivable acts towards humans. But, should the androids that have done nothing wrong be treated the same? Must they all face the same fate? Rick says it perfectly when he says, â€Å"The planet could have used her. † Rick has a much more balanced outlook of everyone. He does not instantly assume that an android cannot contribute to society simply because, it is an android. Instead, Rick has based his judgments off of his analysis of each and every person’s character. I believe that character is the key to making good judgments of people. When Rick analyzes Luba Luft he doesn’t see her as just another mindless killing machine. Rather, Rick looks at Luba Luft’s life and comes to find that â€Å"She was a wonderful singer. The planet could have used her. This is insane. † He appreciates the contributions that Luba has made and identifies Luba’s contributions to society. He does not simply see that she is an android that must be exterminated. Instead, he states â€Å"This is insane. † He understands how androids can contribute to society and believes that this extermination is truly unnecessary. I believe this is his way of saying that there must be outright evidence that termination is necessary. There must be a true threat within each and every android that he gets rid of. Otherwise, these androids can be a key contribution, a necessity to society. Based on these ideas I still ask the question, should we be so quick to judge people?

A Tale of Two Cities - Quotes Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

1.â€Å"It was the best of times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette, in the wake of the French Revolution, blithely married in England. (Book II, Chapter 18) Their marriage forged the loving ties between the two, and brought children to their household. To them, to be able to live with their loved one and to be able to caress their children was the best. They were oblivious of the rousing wraths of the peasants in France, and the time to them could not have been better. 2.â€Å"It was the worst of times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Book II, Chapter 21, the Defarges and their supporters angrily stormed the Bastille and ruthlessly decapitated the governor of the prison. Although the breaching of the Bastille was not unwarranted, the inexorable murder of a man trying to do his duty reflected the merciless spirits of the rebels, mad and seething with rage like a bull. The act might have seemed inconsequential then, but soon it would rouse the bloody Revolution where even the suspected man would be killed. Indeed, the storming, and the murder of the governor, marked the beginning of â€Å"the worst of times,† when order was replaced with chaos, when peace was replaced with violence. 3.â€Å"It was the age of wisdom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  At Charles Darnay’s first trial in France on charges of being an emigrant, Dr. Manette cleverly used his camaraderie with the mad mobs to liberate Charles. (Book III, Chapter 6) Manette had been a wronged prisoner in the Bastille charged by Evremonde, and, using his eminence and his relationship with Darnay, he was able to manipulate the jury. The wisdom of Manette saved his son-in-law. 4.â€Å"It was the age of foolishness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As the Revolution progresses, more people are executed per day, (â€Å"Fifty-two†, in Book III, Chapter 13) and the bloodthirstiness of t... ...uries befitting the state of a marquis in a luxurious age and country†¦ was conspicuous in their rich furniture†¦ diversified by many objects that were illustrations of old pages in the history of France.† (Book II, Chapter 9) The Marquis’s house was large, extravagant, and decorated – he had everything. 10.â€Å"We had nothing before us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Book I, Chapter 5, a cask of wine was spilt on the ground, and the people â€Å"suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine.† The ravenous drinking of the people reflects their hungry stomachs, their emptiness – â€Å"devoted themselves to the sodden and lee-dyed pieces of the cask, licking, and even champing the moister wine-rotted fragments with eager relish.† Even a drop of wine was worth the effort. The nothingness that existed for most of the commoners would help incite the French Revolution.

Flannery O’Connor Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Flannery O’Connor Mary Flannery O’Connor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. She was an only child, and her parents were deeply religious Roman Catholics. She was educated at the Women’s College of Georgia and the State University of Iowa. While she was at college, she wrote short stories which were published. During this time her father died of lupus, a blood disease that would eventually claim her life as well. After she was diagnosed, she moved to Milledgville, Georgia, for treatment of the disease. She continued writing and published two novels, Wise Blood and The Violent Bear it Away, as well as two collections of short stories, A Good Man is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge. She died from Lupus in 1964 (Charters, 1079). The short story "Everything That Rises Must Converge" centers on the relationship between Julian, a young man who has recently graduated from college, and his mother. It takes place in a city in the South soon after integration. Much like Emily Grierson in William Faulkner’s "A Rose for Emily," Julian’s mother is a product of the "Old South." She takes tremendous pride in her heritage due to the fact that her ancestors were people who were once very highly respected. Her grandfather was a former state governor as well as a plantation and slave owner. Julian sees his mother as a dinosaur who is a product of the past and cannot see and accept the realities of the present. The fact that she clings to her old values embarrasses him, and he sees her more as a child who does not know any better. The plot of the story revolves around a bus trip that Julian and his mother take. Once a week, Julian’s mother goes to the local Y for her "reducing" class. Julian accompanies her on the bu... ...involving the confrontation between the mother and her son, Julian seizes the opportunity to berate his mother so she can see how ignorant she is and how he has elevated himself to a status higher than hers. Tragically, this incident leads to his mother’s stroke. It is only at this moment of his mother’s helplessness that all three worlds collide together. Julian’s world of self-righteousness and his mother’s world of self-importance are shattered by the world of reality. Only then is truth apparent to all of the characters in the story. Works Cited Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 1999. O'Connor, Flannery. "Everything That Rises Must Converge." The Story and Its Writer An Introduction to Short Fiction. Ed. Ann Charters. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 1999. 1080-1091.

World Wide Web and Tool

With time going, web has become increasingly popular in our life. I will show you what the web 2. 0 applications is and the description of six different tools or website through this report. You can also get the information about how webs can help in your studies and a sequence of tool or web site’s value beside the sub titles. The conclusion will include the consequence of our group discussion about our favorite tool/web sites. And reference will be shown in the end. Web 2. 0 applications â€Å"The term Web 2. was coined in 1999 to describe web sites that use technology beyond the static pages of earlier web sites. Tim Berners-Lee is the first person who put forward the conception of web 2. 0. He said that Web is a collaborative medium, a place where we could all meet and read and write. † available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/technology/4132752. stm, Mark Lawson, Berners-Lee on the read/write web, BBC News ) Compared with web 1. 0 which just focuses on accessing the information, Web 2. 0 pays more attention on exchange the information.. The individuals can be providers and users at the same time on those websites. Although Web 2. 0 is a new one, it does have an update to any technical specification, the software developers and end user to change the Web- cumulative together. Presentation tool URL: http://prezi. com/ Presentation tools of web2. 0 can let you show presentations whenever you like. The tools won’t be too difficult to be learned. People can find a lot of course of study which will teach you how to use the software. With this tool, presentation can be simple and accessible and the tool can save a myriad of time. For students like me in senior high school, we always need to do a presentation. Doing an outstanding Power point will cost most of time. But with the help of presentational tools like prezi which already have an ocean of stencil plate, we can easily complete a great Power point. And the rest time can be used to practice the speaking. What’s more, Picsviewer and Slide share also have the same function. Video tool URL: http://animoto. com Video tools can help people modify the video and photography automatic. Not all the person has money to buy advanced equipments or has good skill to take photos. So the website like Animoto is a good choice to make your special video without wasting much time. In school, we sometimes will have a play for the ceremony. Not only will it make you after-school activities more colorful, but also it will cost a lot of to treat the music. Now video tool makes it faster to do this thing which can help us keep balance between study and after-school activities better. You can also use Gizmoz or Photo peach to do this thing. Mobile tool URL: http://PollEverywhere. com With the technology improve, people today not only use mobile phone to make the call, they also use it to get picture or flash. Like Poll Everywhere, it will add joy for people to get responses by lively. For students, Mobile tool makes it more easily to get vivid information. Students can remember the image better than the texting. Jott and drop. io also has this function to make the word alive. Search tool UPL: www. myallsearch. com There is a sea of web site on the Internet. People usually don’t have enough to scan all of web site. The search tool like Myallsearch can search result of the Authoritative website, for instance, Google, Ask. com, Yahoo! and Lycos by one click. Searching information is a crucial part of academic essay or other homework which students in high school usually need to do. At first, students are too young to determine whether the site can be trusted. Search tool like featuring Google and Wikipedia can help students to access credible information quickly. Community tool URL: http://edmodo. com Community tool is one of the fundament of Web2. 0. It builds a bridge of communication between teachers and students. Like Edmodo, it is designed specifically for educators to exchange the information about professional knowledge. Tool like Edmodo, Google Doc and Ning is a good platform for teachers and students to exchange the message with each other. Asking questions become easier, and students can get more professional knowledge if they want. Social network URL: www. renren. com Social network like Renren provides an interactive platform for different people. People can know where their friends are and how they feel though a photo or a small sentence. It can also help you make friends who have the same hobbies. For students, we can broaden our horizons though watching various kind of information. We can also use tools like Twitter and Face book to ask friends for suggestion of the problem in study. Conclusion The web2. 0 has been integrated into our daily lives. During this report, we have known the meaning of web2. 0, descriptions six different tools and the effect in our study. After the discussion, we think that our favorite tool is search tool. We can get lots of credible information quickly which can save much time for us to do other things.

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry

Getting a Job in the Videogame Industry When the video game industry started, back in the days of Pong, Atari, Commodore, and of course, the coin-op arcade, the majority of the developers were hardcore programmers who became game developers because they knew how to work in the language of the machines at the time. It was the generation of the mainframe programmer and the self-taught hobbyist turned pro. As time went on, traditional artists, designers, quality assurance, and other personnel became part of the development process. The concept of game developers being limited to elite coders began to fade, and the term game design became formalized. Beginning as a Tester Testing games for money have been a dream job for countless teens. For a while, testing was a viable path for the industry, although many quickly realized that it wasnt the job they imagined it would be. This path  worked for quite some time, but as game design, development, and publishing grew into a multibillion-dollar industry, the potential game designer needed more formal training and the office became a more professional setting in the times past.  It is still possible to progress from tech support or quality assurance into the development, but doing so without higher level education and training has become a rarity inside the big development companies.   QA and testing were once considered a no-qualification-required or entry-level job, but many publishers and developers have test teams with higher education and even development skills as well. Applying for Development Positions Getting a development position isnt just a matter of having some programming or art classes on your resume. Long, sometimes multi-day interview processes  stand between the aspiring developer and their dreams of making games. Questions you will want to ask yourself: Programmers: What titles have you shipped? If youre still a college student, what was your final project? Have you worked in a collaborative programming environment before? Do you know how to write clean, concise, documented code? Artists: What does your portfolio look like? Do you have a solid command of the tools you use? Can you take direction well? How about the ability to give constructive feedback? Game designers or level designers: What games are out there that youve made? Why did you make the decisions you did about gameplay, level flow, lighting, art style, or anything else that you did to make your game unique? Those are the easy questions. Programming interviews frequently involve having to stand up in front of your potential coworkers at a whiteboard and solve logic or programming efficiency problems. Level designers and artists may have to talk about their work on a video projector in the same sort of environment. Many game companies now check for compatibility with teammates. If youre not able to communicate with your potential peers, you may lose the chance at a job that youd be perfect for. Independent Development The recent rise of independently developed and published games has opened a new path for those looking to get into the game industry- but this is not an easy route by any stretch of the imagination. It requires a significant investment of time, energy, resources, and a drive to face a very competitive market. And most importantly, it requires that you know how to fail, and despite this to get up and move on to the next project until you make it.

University of Hartford Admissions and Acceptance Rate

University of Hartford Admissions and Acceptance Rate The University of Hartford is largely accessible, accepting 72  percent of the applicants. Learn more about what it takes to be accepted. Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. University of Hartford Description Chartered in 1957, the University of Hartford is a private university located in West Hartford, Connecticut. Students come from 48 states and 62 countries. Undergraduates can choose from over 100 programs from the universitys seven colleges. Communication Studies and Medical Radiologic Technology are the most popular. The University of Hartford values personal attention, something they support with a healthy 12 to 1 student / faculty ratio  and an average class size of 22 students. On the athletic front, the Hartford Hawks compete in the NCAA Division I America East Conference. The university fields 9 mens and 9 womens intercollegiate sports. Admissions Data (2016) University of Hartford Acceptance Rate: 72  percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Hartford AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 460 / 580SAT Math: 460 / 580What these SAT numbers meanCompare SAT scores for Connecticut collegesAmerica East Conference SAT score comparisonACT Composite: 20  / 26Compare ACT scores for Connecticut collegesAmerica East Conference ACT score comparison Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 6,714  (5,150 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 49 percent male / 51 percent female88% Full-time Costs (2016 -17) Tuition and Fees: $37,790Books: $972  (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,986Other Expenses: $2,382Total Cost: $53,130 University of Hartford Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 98  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 98 percentLoans: 75  percentAverage Amount of Aid​Grants: $21,219Loans: $9,960 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice, Early Childhood Education, Finance, General Studies, Graphic Design, Mechanical Engineering, Music, Psychology, Radiologic Technology What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 75 percentTransfer-out Rate: 34 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 48  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 60 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Baseball, Basketball, Lacrosse, Golf, Track and Field, Cross Country, Tennis, SoccerWomens Sports:  Softball, Volleyball, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball, Golf, Soccer If You Like the University of Hartford, You May Also Like These Schools: Drexel University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIthaca College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTemple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphQuinnipiac University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of New Haven: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStony Brook University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBinghamton University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSouthern Connecticut State University: Profile  University of Connecticut: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAdelphi University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Hartford Mission Statement: mission statement from http://new.hartford.edu/aboutuofh/mission.aspx As a private university with a public purpose, we engage students in acquiring the knowledge, skills, and values necessary to thrive in, and contribute to, a pluralistic, complex world. Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Promotion of Duracell batteries in Kazakhstan

Promotion of Duracell batteries in Kazakhstan Free Online Research Papers The explosion in the use of portable devices and electronic products such as laptops, toys, audio devices, etc. has resulted in a rapidly increasing demand for portable energy sources. However, the market of primary (non-rechargeable) batteries has shrunk over the past decade. This project is about a proposed campaign for encouraging people to use more of the declining product, reminding them of the forgotten need, on the example of the current market leader Duracell brand by Procter Gamble. Primary batteries are most commonly used in portable devices, usually when you do not have the chance to res can be CD, MP3-players, portable TV-sets, toys taken with children to picnics, lamps, and cameras. Our idea is to take out people to places where they need to keep their devices going but do not have an option to re-charge, that means encouraging them to travel to the nature: mountain trips, bike trips far from home, picnics with family, beach trips etc. It has gone out of the habit since people became too busy with their job, not having time to devote to their spirit, health and fun shared together with close people. The campaign will be directed to re-create this trend for country trips. This will be achieved by telling people how attractive are places around Almaty and they shouldn’t miss the opportunity to enjoy the sights on weekends. Competitive Analysis There are 3 major consumer battery brands presented on Kazakhstani market: current market leader Duracell, its closest follower Energizer, and niche player Varta, as well as many other less popular brands. Duracell is widely recognized, top of mind awareness brand. Most of our respondents named Duracell when it was asked to name any consumer battery brand that comes into their mind first. There is also recall connected to Duracell’s advertising, people easily recognize the symbol of Duracell – the famous pink bunny. It is also a market leader because it is available at points of sales, which is very important for low-involvement goods. Duracell batteries can be found in all sizes in most supermarkets, unlike its main competitor Energizer. Slogan of Duracell is â€Å"Trusted everywhere† suggesting that Duracell batteries make all devices work when needed and the range of Duracell application. The previous slogan was â€Å"No battery is stronger longer† pointing at longer life of the batteries. Generally all the bunny-related ads where directed to express the main message of longevity of work, this is the key benefit of Duracell. Energizer’s current slogan â€Å"Keep going† and former slogan Nothing outlasts the Energizer also emphasizes long working hours of the batteries. However, in its advertising campaigns Energizer has stressed high energy of the batteries making it the key benefit of the brand. â€Å"You’re smarter to fit Varta!† says the slogan of our last competitor. Varta uses ESP suggesting that it’s a battery by experts, something more â€Å"professional†. All the three brands share a common POP which is high quality and reliability. Duracell has to follow defensive strategy and increase its share of voice to maintain its leading position on the market. Target Market Analysis Generally, target market for alkaline batteries is both deep and wide. But it is even more. Almost every person is a potential customer for this type of batteries. In this case even segmentation is quite complicated. But it is necessary for creating marketing strategy, so we have to point out several biggest consumer groups. The first is households. Women between 25-50 age old, they keep their houses in order and use batteries for devices we use everyday such as clocks. The second and third groups we want to mention are teenagers and men. These customers differ in the age group, but are same in the purpose of consumption. They use alkaline batteries for high-tech devices. But now this market, that once has been extremely big and profitable, now rapidly decreases. It is concerned with technical progress. Now producers of high-tech devices use other types of batteries, usually rechargeable and often produced by these companies itself. Duracell uses differentiated market coverage. Different products of Duracell brand are targeted to different segments. regular and high-drain segments of the consumer battery market Duracell Copperhead covers broader market, including the general population who need longer-working batteries for majority of devices. Duracell Ultra is designed to fit more energy requiring devices, and therefore the target group is typically younger males. Communication objectives First of all we should define Target Audience. Duracell has different types of battery. The most needed types are AA and AAA series. Significant part of battery users is young generation that listen music by CD of MP3 players. This age starts from 14 years old till 25 even 30 years. Gender difference is doesn’t matter because everybody like music according his or her preference. Duracell is the top mind awareness brand on the World and Kazakhstan battery market. The competitors are: Energizer, Varta and Victory (Chinese battery). This industry is in the decline stage because of increasing use of rechargeable and integral batteries in devices like photo mobile phones, cameras, and players. Also, consumers are getting used to rechargeable batteries while they use laptops and phones, and bring this habit to their MP3 players and cameras. The main goal of Duracell is to raise knowledge, since awareness is already at hand. Battery is daily used, low involvement product. So this product requires product recognition at purchasing place. More products will be recognized better off the company. Because it is a low-involvement good stress should be put on the emotional rather than rational benefit from using the brand. Duracell should use following communication tools: Point-of-purchase promotion TV advertising Printed media in thematically related magazines (e.g. about technology) PR and sponsorship Internet Advertising On Kazakhstani market today Duracell is a stable leader with competitors falling behind dramatically. As it was mentioned before there is already well-established brand awareness, therefore all communication objectives should be supportive, only to maintain the image of the brand and keep it’s recall and recognition level high. 3.0 MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PLAN 3.1 On a market where Duracell brand is well established it is important to retain its market position. At the same time, Duracell can encourage people to use more batteries by promoting our new campaign, through communication tools. The objective is to increase profit by 15% during in FY 2008. Marketing communications objectives So far Duracell has covered all the levels of the DAGMAR model: category need, awareness, knowledge, attitude, purchase intention, facilitation, purchase, satisfaction and loyalty. It has been a trusted leader for a long time. However, as we detected the market still can be penetrated by returning to the first level and developing category need more. The mission of the campaign is to get consumers to use more primary batteries by encouraging them to take part in activities such as traveling, hiking and camping. Our goal is to remind people of the forgotten use of the batteries – whenever you go outside (to the mountains, the beach, forest) you need non-rechargeable batteries vitally to keep all your devices going. 3.3 Positioning Duracell’s positioning is as clear and simple as the product category requires: long life of the batteries. 3.4 Creative and Message Strategy Key message: Duracell serves longer than any other battery and therefore can be trusted whatever direction you go. Slogan: Trusted everywhere Key visual: Emotional appeal should be used in Duracell ads, primarily to attract attention and be liked. 3.5 Marketing Communications Mix PR should be used primarily for the new strategy. 3.6 Media Strategy: Pulsing strategy 3.7 Media schedule (with calculations of effectiveness) (10points) Schedule should include all your tools of communication on all channels of com-on with distribution over the year, month, week and day period. 3.8 Budget (approach, actual calculations) Research Papers on Promotion of Duracell batteries in KazakhstanMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfHip-Hop is ArtOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Project Managment Office System

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Macroeconomics - Essay Example While this was unfavourable for many investors who had invested in treasury bills, it provided an opportunity for investment banks to borrow money at this low interest rate and invest in real estate industry where they would get good returns. In this case, the bank would turn the borrowed money into securities which it would sell to home owners and get regular payments from all those mortgages. Initially, this turned out to be a highly profitable venture for both the lenders and the banks with up to 10% return on investment. However, with time most people who could afford a mortgage had taken one and this caused a reduction in the number of new mortgage applicants. This compelled the banks to open up the mortgages to other potential home owners by removing all restrictions on securities. This encouraged many home owners to take up mortgages. Unfortunately, many could not afford to repay the mortgages. This led to a high number of defaulters and higher-than-expected home foreclosure rates. Suddenly, there were too many homes up for sale in the market which exceeded the demand thereby resulting in a decline in the home value. The financial market had a major role to play in the 2007 great recession. First, the low interest rates offered by the central bank in response to the 9/11 tragedy fuelled the already rising housing bubble by the sub-prime mortgages and the related derivatives. In addition, the absence of regulation of the financial institutions involved in the sub-prime mortgage lending led to unprecedented growth of the real estate market and so did fraud. The bursting of the housing bubble led to meltdown of the three principal derivative securities that had guarded the industry, namely Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO), Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) and Credit Default Swap (CDS) which eventually paralyzed the very supple and resilient financial market with its spill over into the entire

Trendsetters shops Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Trendsetters shops - Assignment Example The small and medium enterprises are the enterprises which play a very important role in the global economy and constitute 90% of the global economy. Because of the saturity in the developed countries the Small and medium sized enterprises are making more advancements in the developing nations which are mainly the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China). The WTO has recognized the importance of these small scale industries and thus has promoted these industries. The small and medium enterprises are the enterprises which begin with their own innovations and inventions and survive competition in order to succeed globally. This report is a personal report and in this topic I will focus mainly on the development of our own small medium enterprise called the â€Å"Trendsetters† in which I and my brother are partners and it is a family business. I have been into this business as soon as I completed my higher secondary exams. I began my role in the firm as accountant. This t opic and firm has been chosen by me for my research purpose as I have personalized experience in the firm and I foresee my future in this firm. Beginning of as an accountant in the business I have started managing all the aspects of the business in order to carry our family legacy further. I and my brother have started discussions concerning all details about the shop like the supply chain procedures that we need to adopt, the pricing and the marketing strategies that needs to be implemented, the seasonal highs and lows etc. â€Å"SMEs enhance competition and entrepreneurship and hence have external benefits on economy wide efficiency, innovation, and aggregate productivity growth. SMEs are generally more productive than large firms. SME expansion boosts employment more than large firm growth because SME are more labor intensive† (Small and Medium Enterprises, 2011, P.1). This research will shed light on â€Å"Trendsetters† as case study and example of successful small business in India. This research relies on the case study methodology, whereby personal description is provided which calls for analytical as well as descriptive study and provides accurate information on the actual developments in the research topic. 2. History of Trendsetters Shop: My Grandmother was the brain from where such an idea of family business emerged. She was a great textile designer and she could make her own designs which of course she did not market but created for her own family uses. Due to her talent people came to her for design tips on their clothes. My father grew up hearing this that many people wanted my grandmother to start her own small business but my grandmother was afraid because of the knits and guts that is required in the business field. My father had then acquired his business administration degree and instead of venturing out and sourcing him to other firms he decided with grandmother to start his own business so that his academic excellence and my grandmother’s ideas of design could merge together and they started a small garment factory. There was difficulty in procurement of initial capital and the initial capital was a loan with 10% interest from the Regional Rural Bank in our locality. With 5 of my grandmother’s friends our business’s first contract began. It was a very small contract but it ensured confidence in my father to further the business. My father became the managing director of the firm. The present number of employees in the firm is 75 which consist of designers, purchase officials, logistics officials and marketing officials. Comments: Even though the enterprise is a small scale it shows the merger of business idea with high academic excellence. It is notable how the family merged skills with education in order to start their own business. â€Å"Another area in which small entrepreneur has faced the difficulty is that of management. The principles of management have not been properly stu died and translated into practice owing to the influence of old traditions and customs. It has seldom bothered to

Social Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Problems - Essay Example In this way, the competing views of societal understanding as compared to medical science can be understood as a function of how they share vastly different views on the same topic. Of course, prior to beginning an analysis of how the medical community, evidenced by this particular article, views drug addiction, it is necessary to point out that neither science nor society behave as a singular entity. What is meant by this is that although prevailing views exist within each group, neither one can be categorically defined as all believing a certain way with reference to a certain issue. In this way, the views and opinions that will be discussed within this brief analysis will be from the point of view that the author has interpreted the majority of society and the medical/scientific community to espouse these views. Obviously, this means that there are elements of both groups that do not subscribe to these prevailing theories or their derivatives. Firstly, it should be understood that the prevailing view in society is that drug use and abuse is something that afflicts â€Å"weak† individuals; or those that simply cannot â€Å"say no to drugs†. In this way, a theory develops in which society views the entire drug use/abuse dynamic in a way that simply dismisses the issue as something that can be defined by an overall lack of willpower. This lack of willpower is further illustrated, so they believe, by the fact that not only could the drug user have the moral fiber to resist the drug in the first place, they additionally cannot find within themselves the courage and perseverance to put the drug away once they are hooked on it. This failure to understand the chemical dependencies that help to define drug abuse for the tens of thousands of individuals who suffer from this on a daily basis is quite an oversight. Although

Dream Interpretation in Psychoanalysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dream Interpretation in Psychoanalysis - Essay Example Early in his career, Freud postulated a descriptive categorization of the human psyche into the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The first of these refers to what is actively part of someone's immediate awareness, the second to what can actively be called to the conscious state, and the last refers to subjects present in the mind which cannot be called into the conscious. This last division contains desires or memories hidden in the psyche which cause one to act, think or feel in a certain manner that they are not able to explain in a rational way. Freud further divides these unconscious 'triggers' into instincts, drives which relate to meeting or ignoring basic human needs, and developmental drives, which are a reaction to social behavior learned from one's parents or environment. By the 1920's, Freud's research evolved into a structural model of the mind, in which he divides the psyche into the id, the ego, and the superego. The id operates on the "pleasure princip le", which seeks to gratify the most immediate desires of a small child. At the opposite end of the model is the superego, which is a human's conscience, containing all of the rules and regulations learned as acceptable to society. Between the two is the ego, or the conscious mind, which interprets the reality of the outside world and how best to operate in satiating the needs of the id. The ego frequently serves as the battleground when the superego rushes to prohibit a desire of the id that clashes with acceptable parameters of social conduct. When such conflict occurs, the ego and superego frequently collaborate unconsciously to repress the desire. Freud believed that the root of most neurotic illnesses lay in this repression. Used as a defense mechanism, repression occurs when an individual tries to avoid an interior conflict by pretending that the desire itself does not exist. When this occurs, the desire does not disappear, but instead remains in the unconscious part of the mind. Here it retains its instinctual strength and the energy manifests itself in other guises: most often in neurotic symptoms, unconscious 'slips of the tongue' when speaking, or in dreams. Furthermore, by repressing the desire to the unconscious, one relinquishes control: the symptoms cannot be alleviated and the repression will not allow the initial instinct to be brought into the conscious mind. By extending Freud's theory of dream manifestations into psychoanalysis, dreams are extremely flexible in the manner with which they can be interpreted. Dreams allow the unconscious to satisfy unfulfilled desires, by allowing 'latent' issues to manifest in the 'real' content of the dream world. Two of the most frequently interpreted methods by which repressed issues surface in dreams are defined by the terms displacement and condensation. When something in a dream causes a disproportionate emotional response, it is because the seemingly unimportant matter is a symbol of a much deeper personal interest. In this manner, when an individual recalls a trivial matter from a dream much more distinctly than the overall elements of the dream, the minor thing is a manifest representation of a deeper trouble. For instance, a dream involving a small dog constantly yipping could be indicative of an

Asia-Pacific Region Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Asia-Pacific Region - Essay Example The theme for APEC 2007, strengthening our Community, Building Sustainable Future, corroborates the APEC's principles namely: communication, cooperation, collaboration, and community among the 21 member economies of the organization (Australian Government). Australia, being the host country of the meeting, sees valuable opportunity to showcase their business, society and culture to their constituents; and at the same time, to provide Australia with a unique opportunity to guide its future direction (Australian Government). That direction is heading towards economic stability and growth of the region. In this regard, we can appreciate the action taken by the Australian Government of involving their youth in this affair in order to inculcate in their minds the importance of strengthening international relations so as to build sustainable future among the member economies. This approach is vital and effective; it is like putting the future in the hands of the next generation. As we can see, the main goal of the APEC is "to promote economic growth and prosperity in the region and strengthen the Asia-Pacific Community" (Australian Government). It is undeniably that many countries in the Asia-Pacific are economically poor. ... In some Southeast Asian countries, children are not only suffering malnutrition but also they are even subjected to force labor and have a minimal access to education and the use of technology like computers. They are quite far behind the technological advancement. In rural areas, many patients died in hospital because of lack of life-saving facilities that could have helped patients. The question "How can I/we build/create a better future" depends on the economic situation of the country which one belongs. Subjectively, the first thing that I can do is to help my self achieve my dreams in life. One cannot think of building or creating a better future if he does not have a dream or ambition in life. An architectural engineer for example can create an infrastructure design that will truly make a better community. A doctor can help patients in remote areas where access to hospitals is difficult due to financial problem. An educator can help educate people whose capacity to send their children to school are low if none at all. Objectively, there are many international non-governmental organizations such as the Green Peace Environmentalist group, the Human Rights Advocates and many other that endeavor so hard to reach out on people in depressed areas. Therefore, the same consciousness must also be taught to citizens of rich countries, in order to lend a hand for a better future of the region. Asia-Pacific Region is composed of both rich and third world countries, in which relationship between each of them is highly important especially on economic matter. As I see it, it is also of paramount importance to make out those countries of equilibrium in terms of economic privileges. Poorer countries should also experience healthier

Dream Interpretation in Psychoanalysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dream Interpretation in Psychoanalysis - Essay Example Early in his career, Freud postulated a descriptive categorization of the human psyche into the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious. The first of these refers to what is actively part of someone's immediate awareness, the second to what can actively be called to the conscious state, and the last refers to subjects present in the mind which cannot be called into the conscious. This last division contains desires or memories hidden in the psyche which cause one to act, think or feel in a certain manner that they are not able to explain in a rational way. Freud further divides these unconscious 'triggers' into instincts, drives which relate to meeting or ignoring basic human needs, and developmental drives, which are a reaction to social behavior learned from one's parents or environment. By the 1920's, Freud's research evolved into a structural model of the mind, in which he divides the psyche into the id, the ego, and the superego. The id operates on the "pleasure princip le", which seeks to gratify the most immediate desires of a small child. At the opposite end of the model is the superego, which is a human's conscience, containing all of the rules and regulations learned as acceptable to society. Between the two is the ego, or the conscious mind, which interprets the reality of the outside world and how best to operate in satiating the needs of the id. The ego frequently serves as the battleground when the superego rushes to prohibit a desire of the id that clashes with acceptable parameters of social conduct. When such conflict occurs, the ego and superego frequently collaborate unconsciously to repress the desire. Freud believed that the root of most neurotic illnesses lay in this repression. Used as a defense mechanism, repression occurs when an individual tries to avoid an interior conflict by pretending that the desire itself does not exist. When this occurs, the desire does not disappear, but instead remains in the unconscious part of the mind. Here it retains its instinctual strength and the energy manifests itself in other guises: most often in neurotic symptoms, unconscious 'slips of the tongue' when speaking, or in dreams. Furthermore, by repressing the desire to the unconscious, one relinquishes control: the symptoms cannot be alleviated and the repression will not allow the initial instinct to be brought into the conscious mind. By extending Freud's theory of dream manifestations into psychoanalysis, dreams are extremely flexible in the manner with which they can be interpreted. Dreams allow the unconscious to satisfy unfulfilled desires, by allowing 'latent' issues to manifest in the 'real' content of the dream world. Two of the most frequently interpreted methods by which repressed issues surface in dreams are defined by the terms displacement and condensation. When something in a dream causes a disproportionate emotional response, it is because the seemingly unimportant matter is a symbol of a much deeper personal interest. In this manner, when an individual recalls a trivial matter from a dream much more distinctly than the overall elements of the dream, the minor thing is a manifest representation of a deeper trouble. For instance, a dream involving a small dog constantly yipping could be indicative of an

HR Practices At For Profit And Not For Profit Organizations Essay

HR Practices At For Profit And Not For Profit Organizations - Essay Example This move toward HR puts information, authority, rewards, and a communication system in place at each stage in an organization. If organizations are to be sustainable in the middle to long-term, workers must be provoked to care about the job they do, to obtain knowledge-related skills, and to execute the work to the best of their capabilities. Superior employee participation can only be attained during a cautiously directed procedure that struggles for contribution by incorporating the personality with the organization to attain high efficiency and spirited benefit. This course engages reformation the work so that it is demanding, motivating, and inspiring as probable. Employees at all stages are set authority to control decision-making, they are given information concerning the organization's processes and presentation, and they are skilled so that they can function with a talented accepting of the industry. Though, elevated quality employees do not guarantee an organization of having a stable spirited benefit or even a short-term benefit. If employees are inadequately aggravated or if the right organizational systems are not in position, the employees' aptitude may be exhausted or lost to opponents (Pfeiffer & Veiga, 1999). As well, leadership is serious to the stability of an organization and it desires to be renowned that the leaders of organizations now need new talent and capability. Old methods of leadership, shatterproof by conventional bureaucratic hierarchies, are no longer suitable to organizations that at the present face confronts of challenging in worldwide markets and speedy technical modifications (Fitz-enz, 1993). Importance of HR Practices Profitable and non-profit organizations have altered noteworthy features of their service policies throughout the 1990s. According to Dyer and Reeves (1995) the function of trade unions has turn down, bartering about employment circumstances and earnings has moved to the endeavor stage and rising numbers of organizations are initiating systems to converse straightly with their employees. There has been an enlargement in reimburse for presentation schemes, supple service practices, teaching, performance evaluations and wider work arrangements. These expansions entail an importance on humanizing employee presentation even as together growing the suppleness of labor. Current literature in the delayed 1990s places tough stress on the requirement for high- participation labor practices, better employee contribution in decision-making and control over how the work is carried out and augmented elasticity and casualization of the staff. The practical and hierarchical managerial structures have given means to wider and praise arrangements where self-directed work teams have become more widespread and workers and employees have a contribution to the

Culture identity Essay Example for Free

Culture identity Essay What is culture identity? Culture identity is appreciation and understanding of literature and who or what a person is, identical sameness and distinctive character. It also means what you are and how you live. In this essay I am going to write about Search for my Tongue by Bhatt and Hurricane hits England by Grace Nichols. I have chosen them because they use a mixture of poetic devices, which makes the poem lively and entertaining to read. Firstly the poem Search for my Tongue is about her feeling abandoned and heart-rending because she went to a place where she forgot how to speak her mother tongue while speaking the foreign language, which is upsetting for her since she is blissful about speaking her mother tongue. She also tells us in the poem about her experiences and what she has been happening to her. I know this because she uses a range of words for e.g. lost and spit this makes me think that she is losing her memory of how to speak her own language, as this is shameful for her because her mother tongue is part of her identity. She is also trying to get rid of the foreign language as she described it as spit. The word spit creates an image of someone trying to get rid of something ugly in their mouth. Then again in the last part of the poem she is feeling glad and back to being natural because her mother tongue grew back in the night. I know this because she quotes it pushes the other tongue aside this line is effective because it makes me feel that she is joyful of getting the chance to speak her language other than the foreign language. The poem Search for my Tongue uses a variety of different language devices for e.g. she states grows longer, grows moist and grows strong veins the poet used repetition so that she can keep the pace going and the rhythm run smoothly and that she just started a new life as she described it in order. However she also uses personification. I know this because she exclaims it ties the other tongue in knots this makes me think that the tongues are combating it out with each other just to tie each other in knots. This is effective for the reader because it engages with the reader so they can be involved in the poem. The poet also uses imagery words so she can catch a picture straight away in the readers mind. I know this because she quotes it grows back a stump of shoot. This makes me think of the tongue capturing the language as fast as a gunshot. Secondly the poem Hurricane hits England by Grace Nichols is about her feeling alienated from life in England and that it took a hurricane to bring her back closer and remind her of her memories. The poet is feeling petrified and dominant.  I know this because she quotes fearful and reassuring. This makes me think that she is very afraid of whats going to happen to her that she stayed awake half the night, on the other hand she is ready to defend and strike anyone.  This is effective because it makes the reader continue to read until he/she finds out what happened at the end. The poem Hurricane hits England uses a wide range of techniques for e.g. she uses lots of rhetorical questions for e.g. she quotes tell me why you visit an English coast? This means that she is trying to tell the hurricane why did it visit her land and not someone elses. She is also trying to say that did she do anything bad that frustrated the hurricane. This is effective because she does not want an answer however she wants the reader to think of the answer while they are reading it which will make it more interesting to read. The poet also uses similes. I know this because she quotes what is the meaning of trees falling heavy as whales. This means that the hurricane was so physically powerful that when a tree fell it was as heavy as a whale. This line is effective because it makes the reader imagine what would have happened if millions of trees fell which would have killed so many people and destroyed so many homes.  The similarities of the two poems are not quite the same because in the content the two poems talk about the culture identity and about their new place. In the language they use imagery and metaphors however in the structure most of the lines are laid out in paragraphs. The differences between the two poems. In the content Search for my Tongue is about language and Hurricane hits England is about the environment. In the language the poem Search for my Tongue uses personification. I know this because she quoted it ties the other tongue in knots. She also used repetition. I know this because she quoted grows moist, grows longer and grows strong veins. In Hurricane hits England the poet used rhetorical question. I know this because she quotes o why is my heart unchained? The poet also used similes. I know this because she quotes trees falling heavy as whales. In the structure Search for my Tongue is laid out in lines and paragraphs however the poem Hurricane hits England is just laid out in paragraphs and stanzas.  In conclusion I think Search for my Tongue is better because some of the words are in different language, which is interesting to find out and it uses lots of language devices. The poem Hurricane hits England is full of rhetorical questions, which makes it boring and it makes the reader think a lot.

Similarities between Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration

Similarities between Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are both part of a cyclic process of biochemical reactions. Photosynthesis requires the products of aerobic respiration (carbon dioxide and water), while aerobic respiration requires the products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen). Together, these reactions are involved in how cells make and store energy. The energy transfers in both processes and in how the gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs and the end products that result from each process are somewhat opposite processes, thus aerobic respiration and photosynthesis are in some ways complete opposites of each other. Photosynthetic organisms such as plants use solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. During respiration glucose is oxidised back to carbon dioxide, in the process, releasing energy that is captured in the bonds of ATP. Although these two energy producing processes differ in their uses and also their goals, they do have several similarities. Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, wherein plants manufacture their food and build stores of energy. This phenomenon occurs in chlorophyll containing plant cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plant leaves that gives the plant its green colour. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy and utilises it to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. These carbohydrates produced are used by the plants as a source of immediate energy for growth, reproduction, and absorption of nutrients. The chemical reaction produces oxygen which is released into the atmosphere. Photosynthesis can be summed up by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  C6H1206 + 6O2, (fig1 below illustrates the process of photosynthesis) Occurring in the chloroplast light reaction converts solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by Photosystem I and II. These are light gathering antennas containing the chlorophyll primarily responsible for absorbing the light. Electrons are also carried from Photosystem I and II via NADPH to the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle uses ATP NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar.CO2 enters the cycle leaves as sugar. The sugar product of the Calvin cycle is not glucose but a 3 carbon sugar called 3-Phosphoglycerate. This 3- Phosphoglycerate with the addition of another phosphate group from ATP forms glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .In order for one of these G3P molecules to be synthesised the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2.There are 3 phases of the Calvin cycle, the carbon fixation phase, the carbon reduction phase and the regeneration phase. Cellular respiration is the process of oxidising food molecules or breaking down chemical bonds of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. The energy released in the process is trapped in the form of ATP and used by different energy consuming activities of the cell. It is a set of metabolic reactions that unlike photosynthesis which occurs in the chloroplast, cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. The complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water involves two major steps: glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Glycolysis is the anaerobic catabolism of glucose that occurs in all the cells and produces two molecules of ATP. Aerobic respiration is the process in which the pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis undergoes further breakdown in the presence of oxygen and generates thirty four molecules of ATP. This reaction can be described as follows: C6H1206 + 602 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38 ATP)(fig2 below illustrates cellular respiration) Cellular respiration beginning here with glycolysis catabolises glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The net yield from glycolysis is 2 ATP 2 NADH per glucose. Electrons are carried from here to the electron transport chain via NADH. Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it gets modified to Acetyl COA. This then enters the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle completes the oxidation of the organic fuel to CO2.Electrons produced here are carried via NADH FADH2 to the electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation. In the Krebs cycle a further 2 ATP is produced. Once there has been a sufficient energy shuttle of NADH from glycolysis, a maximum yield of 34 ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. This then gives a maximum of 38 ATP produced. Photosynthesis is a reduction-oxidation reaction, just like respiration. In respiration energy is released from sugars when electrons associated with hydrogen are transported to oxygen (the electron acceptor), and water is formed as a by-product. The mitochondria use the energy released in this oxidation in order to synthesize ATP. In photosynthesis, the electron flow is reversed, the water is split (not formed), and the electrons are transferred from the water to CO2 and in the process the energy is used to reduce the CO2 into sugar. In respiration the energy yield is 686 kcal per mole of glucose oxidized to CO2, while photosynthesis requires 686 kcal of energy to boost the electrons from the water to their high-energy perches in the reduced sugar light provides this energy. Outlined above are the main differences between the two processes. However, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two processes that both involve electron transport chains and they both affect concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy to the organisms cells. It is interesting to note the structural similarities between Chlorophyll, that plays an important role in photosynthesis and Haemoglobin that is involved in cellular respiration. Both structures are practically identical except for the fact that haemoglobin has a central Iron atom and chlorophyll possesses a central Magnesium atom. Haemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Where chlorophyll is known for its green pigment, haemoglobin is known for its deep red pigment. Both photosynthesis and respiration are also similar in that they both undergo chemiosmosis. Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by this same basic mechanism. In both kinds of organelles, electron transport chains pump protons (H+)across a membrane from a region of low H+ concentration to an area of high H+ concentration.The protons then diffuse back across the membrane through ATP syntheses, driving the synthesis of ATP. (fig 3 below illustrates this.) To conclude from this, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the most vital biochemical pathways to life. They both include cycles, stages and many enzymes to function. Although their similarities can be easily recognised, it is their differences that make them stand apart as opposite processes. Photosynthesis requiring light in order to produce its end product, carbohydrate, and cellular respiration requiring carbohydrate in order to produce its end product energy.

Heaneys Poem Follower Essay -- Heaney Follower Essays

Heaney's Poem "Follower" Follower is a poem about the poets love and admiration for his father. It is also about the changes that occur between father and children as children move out from their parent’s shadow. In the first half of the poem the poet draws a vivid portrait of his father as he ploughs a field. The poet, as a young boy, follows his father as he goes about his work and, like most boys, he idolises his father and admires his great skill, ‘An expert. He would set the wing and fit the bright steel – pointed sock’. In the poem, Heaney looks up to his father in a physical sense, because he is so much smaller than his father, but he also looks up to him in a metaphorical sense. This is made clear by the poet’s careful choice of words. An example of this is in the lines, ‘His eye narrowed and angled at the ground, mapping the furrows exactly.’ These words effectively suggests his father’s skill and precision. We are also told that young Heaney ‘stumbled in his hob – nailed wake,’ which brings to our mind a picture of the ploughman’s heavy boots, the carefully ploughed furrow and the child’s clumsy enthusiasm. The poet uses onomatopoeic words to capture the details of his father as he works the plough. At the end of the first stanza he describes him leading the team of plough-horses, instructing them with his â€Å"clicking tongue†. In the second stanza his father guides the horses with â€Å"a single pluck Of Rains†. It is interesting that the onomatopoeia here emphasises the great skill with which the poet’s father controls and guides his horses. It shows again his â€Å"expertise† and ease with the animals as he ploughs the field into furrowed lines. In the second half of the poem, the focus shifts... ... burst" shows growth and reproduction. Heaney's school teacher, Ms Walls, is hiding the reality of reproduction from the young children as they are not yet ready to accept the reality of the situation. He is disgusted at the thought of reproduction because he sees things through the surrealistic eyes of a child because of the stage he is at. He isn't ready to accept sex. He can't rationalise. Puberty makes him feel guilty. In the end he runs away, "I sickened, turned and ran", which shows that he has not fully grown up. In this poem, Heaney uses terms we do not expect to see in poetry, and presents nature as the very opposite of beautiful. Heaney shows how children are very ingenuous and naà ¯ve and see the world as being very pure and wholesome just as it is in their imagination. He also shows that there is a transformation from childhood to adult hood.

Explaining Laws in Special Relativity :: Science Mathematics Papers

Explaining Laws in Special Relativity Wesley Salmon has suggested that the two leading views of scientific explanation, the â€Å"bottom-up† view and the â€Å"top-down† view, describe distinct types of explanation. In this paper, I focus on theoretical explanations in physics, i.e., explanations of physical laws. Using explanations of E=mc2, I argue that the distinction between bottom-up explanations (BUEs) and top-down explanations (BUEs) is best understood as a manifestation of a deeper distinction, found originally in Newton’s work, between two levels of theory. I use Einstein’s distinction between ‘principle’ and ‘constructive’ theories to argue that only lower level theories, i.e., ‘constructive’ theories, can yield BUEs. These explanations, furthermore, depend on higher level laws that receive only TDEs from a ‘principle’ theory. Thus, I conclude that Salmon’s challenge to characterize the relationship between the two types of explanation can be met only by recognizing the close relationship between types of theoretical explanation and the structure of physical theory. The two leading views of scientific explanation, Salmon’s â€Å"bottom-up† view and the Friedman-Kitcher â€Å"top-down† view, give what appear to be prima facie incompatible characterizations of scientific explanation. According to the bottom-up view, we explain a given phenomenon when we uncover the underlying causal mechanisms that are responsible for its occurrence. The top-down view, on the other hand, maintains that we explain a phenomenon by deriving it from the general principles or laws that best unify our knowledge. In this paper, I focus on theoretical explanations in physics, i.e., explanations of physical laws. I first show that, as Salmon suggests (1989, p. 180-182), it seems promising to treat these two approaches not so much as different views about explanation but rather as descriptions of two distinct types of scientific explanations; there are clear cases of laws that have bottom-up explanations (BUEs) while others receive only top-down exp lanations (TDEs). I then argue, using explanations of mass-energy equivalence in Special Relativity (SR), that this disparity (why should some laws receive only TDEs after all?) is best understood as a symptom of a deeper distinction, first introduced by Newton, between two levels of physical theory. At one level, there is the collection of general principles and definitions of physical terms, i.e., a theoretical framework, from which one derives general constraints for all physical processes. At a lower level, there are laws that identify and describe specific physical interactions like gravitation and electromagnetism.

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay

Nationair DC-8 Flight 2120 took the lives of 247 passengers and 14 crew members; 261 in all; during takeoff on July 11, 1991. The jet was owned by Canadian airline Nolisair, and was being operated by a Nigerian company to transport Nigerian pilgrims in and out of Mecca. The DC- 8 caught fire during take-off from Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pilots noticed problems during early stages of take-off and only made it 671 meters in elevation before attempting to turn around for a emergency landing. It was too late; the under inflated tires had overheated began to catch fire. The fire grew and blew out the hydraulics which made the emergency landing impossible. This was the worst wreck a DC-8 had ever experienced and has held the record for many years following. The NTSB concluded that the fire could have been handled by leaving the landing gear extended and away from the plane. Although the pilots failed to make the right decision, and added just one more human error to the equation, it was the obvious neglect by the maintenance team that caused this horrific accident. There are many human factors which played a vital role in the crash. The maintenance team failed to inflate the #2 and #4 main gear tires after recognizing the pressure during the pre-flight. An attempt to inflate the tires failed because there was no nitrogen available at the location. Further investigation shows later that the maintenance team recognized and had written up the tires during a previous â€Å"A† inspection but was signed off and overlooked more than twice before the incident. Human Factors Involvement There are many human factors that caused the Flight 2120 crash, and most of them are maintenance related. There was a Liveware-Liveware problem with the lack of communication between the lead mechanic and Director of Production. The Director of Production never questioned the lead mechanic and was said to have little contact with the him prior to this happening. Liveware-Hardware issues developed because of lack of qualified personnel amongst the maintenance team. The maintenance team did not have a qualified person to sign off the jet, leaving the task to the flight engineer who was not in tune with the maintenance team. The responsibility should have landed in the lead mechanics hands to sign off the maintenance write ups and the Director of Production should have been more involved by communicating with the lead mechanic and being more involved. There was a break down in maintenance even in the early stages of this TDY. The tires had been already recognized and written up during prior inspections, but pressure from the Project Manager to make the mission influenced the maintenance team to overlook minor maintenance issues at that time. Although seemingly minor at the time, the issues would later be the ultimate downfall and failure of the mission. Lack of communication and pressure caused the maintenance team to not see the importance of inflating the tires to the standard before going on a long mission. The minor task of inflating the tires to the standards before going on the long sortie would have negated the tires overheating and causing the plane to catch on fire and crash. The maintenance team was not the only factor which added to the human factors. The air crew is also responsible for some bad decision making skills also. During take-off one crew member was recorded stating that he thought he heard a main landing gear tire blow. The pilot failed to act upon and acknowledge this and carried on with the task. Pilots failed to recognize warning lights designed to inform the pilot of landing gear issues. While taking off the crew failed to use proper radio procedures regulations that kept them in contact with the tower. The night before the crash the pilots were out shopping and eating and not returning home until hours before take-off. The lack of crew rest could have played a role in decision making abilities amongst the crew. The crew showed up to the aircraft late which pushed maintenance to hurry and complete the pre-flight, giving them no time to perform a good complete inspection. Lack of leadership in the cockpit added to the advancement in takeoff. If the copilot trusted his own judgment and realized there was a problem in the main gear he could have stopped the aircraft from taking off. Safety Nets The crash of flight 2120 could have easily been avoided by simply following standard procedures set by international and local organizations. The maintenance holds the bulk of the responsibility in terms of human factors. The communication between the lead mechanic and AME could have been solved by following the chain of command. The director of production had very poor communication with the lead mechanic. This caused for a lack in communication from the there up the chain. The communication was broken at this given point in the chain of command and gave little information which is vital in aviation. The AME had direct responsibility to sign off the final for flight and it was handed over to the flight engineer whom had little knowledge of the maintenance operations. The maintenance team failed to complete given checklists and follow standards set by the FFA and international organizations. With the lack of communication, personnel, and leadership, along with added pressure, the aircraft was not mission ready and should have been better managed from top to bottom. The maintenance crew has very stringent tire pressure requirements and the responsibility lies in even the lowest level of operations to complete the task. The warning lights indicated to the cockpit flight crew that problems have arouse and they chose to ignore them. By receiving proper crew rest the night before, they might have had better decision making skills and could have made the right decision at the given moment. They also became complacent and did not use the communication procedures with the tower. Conclusion Human factors is the cause of most aircraft accidents and this one is a major example of how many human factors can play such a vital role. Flight 2120 shows the importance and how human factors can directly affect everything involved. The importance of being alert and aware of your environment can come down to one decision which can be the determining factor in any situation. The maintenance and air crew failed to follow written guidelines and standards of operation to protect the lives of those on board. The mission was doomed from the start by the maintenance communication breakdown. The lack of qualified personnel should have been one of the first red flags. The decision to not fix the problem and over look it several times put them in an environment where the tools needed for the job was not present. The lack of leadership from the bottom level of the maintenance crew to the pilot was a major issue. The lowest level maintenance personnel could have stepped up and brought about the problem. The flight of Nigerian Airway 2120 was that caused by human error. The horrific event shows the importance of following set standards and regulations. The crash exposes the vital role in the chain of command and how human error and lack of communication can break down at any level. References Aviationsafetynetwork.com American-bankruptcy.us.gov

Deadly Feasts

Erica Dunyon Directed Readings Deadly Feasts by Richard Rhodes I have to admit, on the opening scene I was really skeptical about reading this book. I really have always hated the idea of cannibalism, so when I was reading and imagining this, in my mind one word came to my attention, â€Å"Disgusting! † Progression into the book, however, received my attention, and I continued forward. I enjoyed reading this book. It was very informative, easy to understand, and easy to read. I learned about various prion diseases and their effect on each species they infect.Deadly Feasts is about spongiform encephalopathies including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Scrapies, Rida, Kuru, and mad cow disease. This book explains the relationships each spongiform disease has in common with each other, as well as their signs and symptoms. Mad cow disease and scrapies are quite similar to each other, and was endemic in Britain when this book was published. Another rare disease occurring in humans known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has then been related to mad cow disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is one in which eats human brains. Kuru is thought to be another spongiform disease.Kuru was thought to be a result of sorcery. Initially when this disease was discovered, the belief was leaning toward this disease taking on a genetically transmissible role. After much research, it is known that it is a transmissible disease spread by the consumption of infected flesh. The extremely unusual thing about kuru, along with other spongiform encephalopathies, is that it lacks the presence of inflammation. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are also known as prion diseases. The infectious microbe in TSEs is a specific protein called prion protein.These prion proteins and proteins of the brain are extremely similar. This may be the reason these proteins are not detected by the immune system which is why they do not cause inflammation. These diseases are unique because they are impo ssible to kill. They have been exposed to virtually everything including, extreme temperatures and radiation, and still have the ability to infect and cause disease. Gajdusek believed that transmission of these spongiform encephalopathies was in the form of protein in diseased dead animals, including sheep and cattle that were fed to other cattle.Rhodes refers to a concept known as industrial cannibalism. This means that the supplements were made from dead cows. Despite the fact that cattle were coming down with a disease that decreases the cow population, supplements were still made with the remaining’s of diseased cattle and fed to other cattle. Transmission of this disease can occur months or even up to decades because the disease can incubate for the allotted time. Britain was responsible for the initiation of research in this epidemic group of diseases. Britain did not inform the public in regards to this disease.They also bought diseased animals for half of the market v alue. The British government banned individuals from feeding animal waste to other animals, in 1989 to limit the spread of these diseases. In addition to limitting the transmission of these diseases, as a safety measure, the FDA prevented industries from feeding cattle protein from dead sheep, cattle, and other susceptible diseased animals. Europe still has increasing cases of the disease, which it infects many various herds and species of animals, supporting that the epidemic disease is able to spread across the species barrier The British government, by making the wrong public health choices, has conducted a frightening natural experiment, allowing a lethal disease agent to spread through the human food supply, exposing the entire British population. † (Rhodes 97) America is trying to prevent the spread of spongiform disease transmission from Britain to the U. S. by manufacturing our own beef and meat products. Unfortunately, it would not be known if the disease has affected our population until it is a point when it might be too late. TSE’s are essentially unidentifiable until they progress to the point of brain damage. † (Rhodes 97) Spongiform diseases are still a known problem in the world, and the protection we give ourselves, or lack of protection is an issue brought up by Rhodes. Rhodes refers that spongiform diseases might be Britain's †new Black Death. † He states that the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are public health problems and not only clinical. Transmission is controlled by actions of both social and institutional aspects.The term the â€Å"new Black Death† refers to the ease of the transmission of the disease. If the plan for eradication is not carefully planned and executed, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies can be a serious epidemically known disease that can cause many deaths. In conclusion, I recommend Deadly Feasts to all individuals, not necessarily limited to only those interest ed in microbiology. This book gives insight on a former, and always possible, group of diseases that can become epidemic at any time. I believe knowledge is power, so knowing about these diseases only contributes to public safety.

Is British Foreign Policy mainly conducted by the Prime Minister Essay

Is British Foreign Policy mainly conducted by the Prime Minister - Essay Example Ideally, the foreign policies are supposed to protect the interests of the citizens of a particular nation. This has not always been the case. According to Steiner (2004, p. 21) the state has collective representation on different fronts. These include, Heads of state, Prime Ministers, Presidents, commissioners and ambassadors among others. It becomes a bit difficult in understanding that realy plays the leading role in foreighn policies. According to Williams (2004, p. 910) the British foreign policy is not a product of political vacuum but rather a product of domestic factors such as the current public opinion on certain issues, pressure from global emerging issues like technology, interactive, activities from regional organization like the European Union and other transnational forces like the NGOs and other lobby groups. Ideally speaking, the ministers, government officials and other outsiders who are experienced and informed on particular issues are the ones who are supposed to formulate policies. This is on the basis of informed talks of any possible alternatives and putting into considerations relevant historical background and presidents. They also put into account the positions of any involved institutions and the legality of the proposed policy. After the formulation, the policy is interpreted by officials who later implement in order for it to attain the objective intended for. During the whole process, th ere are other interested parties that need to go through the policy. These are both in UK and abroad. In general the process of policy making in UK is made up of the following steps; Formulation, Interpretation, Implementation and Presentation. The process of policy making in the UK at some point seems to be very wide and may involve all government officials and a huge number of outsiders from both foreign states and NGOs. Despite that is said that this remains to

Abortion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abortion - Assignment Example However, the main contention arises in an unusual circumstance, for example, when the mother’s life is at risk because of pregnancy condition or a pregnancy resulting from rape. These two scenarios develop a challenge on the first premise because it becomes difficult to measure and uphold the mother‘s right to life or that of the foetus. It follows that the child is considered as being innocent and the innocent life should not be terminated. Contrariwise, the mother’s life is at jeopardy and not committing abortion would not result in direct murder. This the author argues as a fallacious point due the risk the unborn child poses to the mother and in such a circumstance, abortion should be permitted. The second scenario arises when a woman is raped and in that instance, the pregnancy is not a result of self-will (Thomson 122). The pregnancy exists without the consent of the mother and abortion should be allowed according to the wishes of the mother. Nonetheless, in circumstances where the mother’s life is not at risk and the pregnancy occurred with the consent of the mother, abortion should not be allowed. The first argument fronted by Warren touches on the number of deaths recorded in instances where women procure illegal abortions. Illegal and informal abortions pose a great threat to the life of the mother and a threat to the society that loses its members. It is direct that pregnancies resulting from rape and incidents of unwanted pregnancies, abortion is a solution because the woman was not in control of the predicament she faces. However, in other circumstances the woman has the ability of avoiding pregnancy, but fails due to the lack of using contraceptives or the utter failure of contraceptives taken religiously. This circumstances result in unwanted pregnancies and the woman should not be forced to carry and take responsibility of a supposed person they lack any level of obligation (Thomson 128). The author argues based on rights

Department of Defense (DOD) Information Technology infrastructure Research Paper

Department of Defense (DOD) Information Technology infrastructure Audit - Research Paper Example This will achieved by CompTech’s detective controls. The company will provide an alarm system that uses laser technology to detect intrusion and report it immediately to the police. This will ensure that the confidentiality of data and information within the DOD is safeguarded from intruders. The department of Defense (DOD) within its directives provides that DOD information must be protected from security breaches by one or more physical controls (Online Information for Defense Community 2012). It is in this regard that that the CompTech Inc. will provide physical security through locks which inhibit access to sensitive data and information within the DOD. Physical barriers will be installed within the DOD to prohibit access to data warehouses. The physical barriers that CompTech Inc. will provide for the DOD include passwords to entry and exit doors including the elevators. Through physical protection, the privacy of data within the department will be guaranteed. In order to comply with the information security program that is recommended by the DOD, CompTech Inc. will ensure that the department recovers quickly from any losses of data that emanate from security breaches. The company will achieve this through the design and installation of data recovery software that will act as a corrective control for data losses. This will ensure availability of data for use without any delays hence implementation of quick corrective measures. The Critical Program Information within DOD’s requirements and directives will be adhered to by CompTech Inc. in its procedural controls. The company will design and present training applications will help employees within the department to have adequate skills and knowledge on safeguarding the system. This will lead to a situation where the integrity of information within the DOD is maintained. CompTech Inc. will provide the DOD with secure systems which are designed and installed with firewalls,

Family systems therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Family systems therapy - Essay Example A mental health crisis, mental disorders, relationship problems, or parent-child relationship problems all bring the family into the involvement with the individuals treatment. The family may be counseled on how best to cope with a family member in crisis, or they may be a part of the treatment. No matter what the emotional disturbance is, the family is an integral part of the interaction and must be a part of the therapy. Systemic family therapies have been developed to treat the family as a cohesive unit. Behaviors and relationships are all interdependent within a family and as such need treated within the family environment. It will do no good to treat a single family member for substance abuse if the source of the users anxiety is the family relationship. Likewise, family members need to be aware of the impact that each relationship has on all the other family members. To study and manage the impact that the family has on mental illness, Alfred Adler pioneered the Adlerian technique of family therapy. More recent models such as brief therapy, and cognitive behavior techniques have all drawn from the research and writings of Adler. Because Adlers methods are at the roots of many other therapies, it is important to understand the Adlerian Family Therapy. It shapes and defines the family, its relationships, the influence of the individual members, and the actions necessary to correct family problems. Alfred Adler was born in Vienna in 1870 and after receiving a medical degree turned to psychiatry in the early 1900s. He was an associate of Freud and worked with him on several projects and occasions. During this period, he developed theories which would later evolve into the more recent ideas on self-actualization (Boeree, 2006). Followers of Adler include Rogers, Horney, Fromm, and Sullivan (Boeree, 2006). Adler stressed the importance of the individual within the family and postulated several theories on why family members

OrganizationaL Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OrganizationaL Management - Assignment Example The equity theory further asserts that employees behave according to their perception. What the employer think is of no importance to an employee. The employer should ensure that any unpleasant outcomes of equity comparison are avoided when rewards are billed. Informed employers expect perceived negative inequities particularly when visible rewards such as promotions or bonuses are apportioned (Gayne & Deci, 2005). To manage equity concerns, the employers cautiously communicate the planned value of rewards being given and spell out the performance appraisals used in determining the allocation of rewards. In Perfect pizzeria, the employer who happens to be the operation manager applied the equity theory. All the employees are entitled to the same amount of reward. The manager’s act of working beside the employees’ served to show that all employees are equal and can work in any department because it enhances learning. The expectancy theory asserts that an employee is motivated to put more effort when he or she deems the efforts will result in a good performance review. The review will result in a reward that will fulfill the set objectives. An employee is highly motivated if the level of expectancy is high and the reward is appealing. Therefore, employers who seek to motivate the employees should fortify employee’s perception of their efforts as both feasible and valuable and make sure the rewards are attractive (Gayne & Deci, 2005). The operational manager of Perfect Pizzeria provides bonuses to the night managers on condition that the percentage of unsold food reduces. Each employee is entitled to free food after every six hours though it was later adjusted to 12 hours. The reinforcement theory analyzes the relationship between employee’s behavioral action and the subsequent consequence (Gayne & Deci, 2005). It focuses on adapting an employee to the behavior expected in the workplace through the appropriate use of the

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay Example for Free

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives. . Colonialism, by definition, is exploitative and oppressive, with the rulers enriching themselves at the expense of those they rule. Generally speaking, colonizers dominate a territory’s resources, labor force, and markets; oftentimes, they impose structures cultural, religious and/or linguistic to maintain control over the indigenous population. The effects of the expansion of European empires, which began in the 15th century, on the colonized can still be felt today. Some historians, for example, argue that colonialism is one of the leading causes in income inequality among countries in present times. They cite patterns of European settlement as determinative forces in the type of institutions developed in colonized countries, considering them major factors in economic backwardness. Economist Luis Angeles has argued that the higher the percentage of Europeans settling in a colony at its peak, the greater the inequality in that country so long as the settlers remained a minority, suggesting that the colonizers drained those lands of essential resources while reaping most, if not all, of the profits. In terms of per capita GDP in 1995, the 20 poorest countries were all former colonies, which would seem to bolster Angeles’ contention. There are, however, competing views on how much underdevelopment in today’s poorest countries is a byproduct of colonial rule and how much of it is influenced by factors such as a country’s lack of natural resources or area characteristics. For poet, activist and politician Aime Cesaire, the verdict was in: Colonizers were â€Å"the decisive actors †¦ the adventurer and the pirate, the wholesale grocer and the ship owner, the gold digger and the merchant, appetite and force, and behind them, the baleful projected shadow of a form of civilization which, at a certain point in its history, finds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies. This is not to suggest that Western European nations were the first and only countries to pursue imperialistic policies or that nothing good came out of colonial policies for the subject population. Dinesh D’Souza, while arguing that colonialism has left many positive as well as negative legacies, has stressed that there is nothing uniquely Western about colonialism, writing: â€Å"Those who identify colonialism and empire only with the West either have no sense of history or have forgotten about the Egyptian empire, the Persian empire, the Macedonian empire, the Islamic empire, the Mongol empire, the Chinese empire, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. † For this paper’s purposes, however, I will focus on the British Empire, its colonizing efforts in India (1757-1947), and the effects British policy had on that subject population. A couple of caveats before examining the British-Indian relationship: experiences differed from colony to colony during this period of European imperialism; India was unique in the colonial experience because of its size and history. It also should be noted that India was rather unique among colonized lands during this era for at least two reasons. First, South Asia was â€Å"already a major player in world commerce and possessed a well-developed trading and financial world† by the time Europeans arrived. Indigenous administrative structures already existed for taxation purposes, while commerce within the country and throughout the continent offered prospects of giant profits. Second, British India, which included today’s India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was a region so large that there were areas in which Britain exercised direct control over the subject population and others where it exerted indirect control. It is exceedingly difficult, therefore, to extrapolate from one experience to another. Although it is impossible to determine how India would have developed had England never established a dominating presence there, I find the results of British colonialism to have been a mixed bag for India: the negatives, however, far outweighed the positives. Liberal and democratic aspects of British colonialism in India played a significant role in leading to a democratic South Asia following Indian independence in 1947. Yet, the British first through the East India Company and then through direct government control held almost all of the political and economic power in India during the Empire’s expansion and apogee, guaranteeing the Indian economy could not evolve and/or function independent of the ruling power’s control; ensuring raw materials extracted from Indian soil would go towards British manufacturing industries mostly without profiting the vast majority of Indians; and leading to lives of privation for millions of indigenous subjects. Although there have been arguments made that, in political and economic terms, south Asia was backwards until the arrival of Europeans, recent research has debunked that myth, showing the region to have possessed healthy trading and financial structures prior to the Europeans’ arrival. British Colonial Strategy in the Subcontinent Imperial powers followed two basic strategies when colonizing. They either allowed a large number of Europeans to settle overseas (known as Settler Colonies) or sent a much smaller number – usually less than 1 percent of the population to serve as administrators and tax collectors (known as Peasant Colonies). Britain followed the latter strategy in regards to India. The percentage of English people in India in 1913, for example, was only 0. 1 percent of the country’s population; by comparison, they accounted for over one-fifth (21. 4 percent) of the population in South Africa and Losetho during the same period. As previously mentioned, Britain exerted both direct and indirect control over the Indian subcontinent. Areas of indirect control are called â€Å"native states. These were controlled by Indian rulers who wielded considerable power over the internal administration of the land, while the British exercised complete control over the area’s defense and foreign policies. When looking at this two-pronged approach Britain took in establishing an Indian colony, the economist Lakshmi Iyer has argued that there is a differential long-term effect on areas the Empire controlled directly compared to areas in which it basically outsourced control. Rather than expropriating Indian land, which was negligible, the English taxed Indian land, producing considerable revenues and inducing the indigenous population to shift from traditional to commercial products (e. g. tea). Areas that were directly under British control today have significantly lower levels of public goods relative to areas that were not under direct colonial rule. In 1961, for example, districts (administrative divisions below state level) that had been under direct control of the British Empire had lower levels of primary and middle schools, as well as medical dispensaries. Present-day differences between directly and indirectly controlled areas, Iyer argues, are most likely the result of differences in internal administration during the colonial period because once the British left in 1947, all the native states were integrated into independent India and have since been subject to a uniform administrative, legal and political structure. The Company and the Crown By the middle of the 18th century, there were five major European colonial powers the Dutch Republic, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain. From about 1850 on, however, Britain’s overseas empire would be unrivaled; by 1901, the empire would encompass 11. 2 million square miles and rule about 400 million people. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, India was Britain’s largest and economically most important colony, an â€Å"empire within an empire. † It should be noted that although this period coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution historians and economists have cast doubt on whether industrialization was the sine qua non for British imperialism. They have noted that England’s first major advance into the Indian subcontinent began in Bengal in the middle of the 18th century, long before large-scale mechanization turned Britain into the â€Å"workshop of the world. † Historian P. J. Marshall, in studying early British imperialism, has written: â€Å"As a blanket term the Industrial Revolution explains relatively little about British expansion in general at the end of the eighteenth century. † While Marshall and others may be correct in asserting the British would have pursued empire even without the Industrial Revolution, its advent impacted colonial policy in that it required expanded markets and a steady supply of raw materials to feed the country’s manufacturing industries. Cotton, for example, was one of the driving forces behind the evolution of Britain’s modern economy. British traders purchased raw cotton fibers from plantations, processed it into cotton cloth in Lancashire mills, and then exported them to the colonial markets including India. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, India had been the world’s main producer of cotton textiles, with a substantial export trade. By the early nineteenth century, however, Britain had taken over dominating the world market for cotton textiles based on technology that lowered production costs . â€Å"This dramatic change in international competitive advantage during the Industrial Revolution was surely one of the key episodes in the Great Divergence of living standards between Europe and Asia. † Britain’s 200-year run ruling India began in the mid-17th century when the British East India Company set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led Company-financed troops – led by British officers and staffed by native soldiers known as sepoys in a victory over French-backed Indian forces. The victory at the Battle of Plassey made the East India Company the leading power in the country. It would dominate India for just over 100 years, the area it controlled growing over that time to encompass modern Bangladesh, a majority of southern India and most of the territory along the Ganges River in the north of the country. The East India Company’s control of Bengal alone yielded taxes of nearly  £3 million; by 1818, its territorial revenues in India stood at  £22 million, allowing it to finance one of the world’s largest standing armies. This established British rule well before the Industrial Revolution could have played any major role in Britain expanding its overseas empire, strengthening historians’ – Marshall, et al. – arguments regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of the role mechanization in England had in the country’s expansionist efforts. The fact remains, however, that Britain in the 19th century would become the world’s leading industrial power and India a major source of raw materials for its industry. What’s more, the subcontinent’s population of 300 million would constitute a huge source of revenue and a gigantic market for British-made goods. Although, the English expanded gradually in India during those first 100 years of colonization, once the British government gained control of the country’s administration following the Indian War of Independence in 1857, India was virtually incorporated into the British Empire and became its â€Å"crown jewel. † During the life of the Britain Empire, India was its most profitable colony. Examples of huge returns on British investments in India based on surviving business records are plentiful. To give two examples: Binny and Co. , which was founded in 1799 with 50,000 rupees in capital, returned profits of 140,000 rupees only 12 years later; and William Mackinnon’s Indian General Steam and Navigation Co. , which began trading in 1847 and whose assets five years later were valued at more than nine times the original capital of 72,000 rupees. The 1852 prospectus of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China stated that â€Å"bearing in mind the very high rate of interest which prevails in the East and the very lucrative nature of the Exchange Business †¦ a very large Annual Dividend may be looked for with certainty. British investment in India increased enormously over the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. According to economist James Foreman-Peck, by the end of 1911, 373 stock companies were estimated to be carrying on business exclusively or almost exclusively in India, yet were registered elsewhere, with the average size of those companies (railways accounted for nearly half of the capital, and tea plantations about one-fifth) dwarfing the far more numerous – 2,463 Indian-registered companies. The discrepancies between the two are stark. The companies registered outside India had paid-up capital of â‚ ¤77.979 million and debentures of â‚ ¤45.353 million compared to â‚ ¤46.251 million and â‚ ¤6 million, respectively, for Indian-registered companies. According to Foreman-Peck, â€Å"The magnitude of foreign investment and the rate of return on it, broadly defined, have been seen as a means by which empire imposed burdens on colonies and boosted the imperial nation’s economy. † This was not an idea that could only be gleaned in hindsight. Writing at the end of the 19th century, historian Brooks Adams wrote the following: Probably since the world began no investment has yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder. The amount of treasure wrung from the conquered people and transferred from India to English banks between Plassey and Waterloo (fifty-seven years) has been variously estimated at from $2,500,000,000 to $5,000,000,000. The methods of plunder and embezzlement by which every Briton in India enriched himself during the earlier history of the East India Company gradually passed away, but the drain did not pass away. The difference between the earlier day and the present is that Indias tribute to England is obtained by indirect methods under forms of law. It was estimated by Mr.  Hyndman some years ago that at least $175,000,000 is drained away every year from India without a cents return. Plunder and Famine At the time Britain established its colony on the subcontinent, the Indian economy was based predominantly on agriculture. Iyer has shown that since the Indian economy was so dependent on farming, British annexation policy focused on acquiring land with the most agricultural potential, guaranteeing that land taxation would be the East India Company’s/British government’s biggest source of income throughout the colonial period. In 1765-66, the East India Company had collected â€Å"the equivalent of  £1,470,000; and by 1790-1791, this figure had risen to  £2,680,000. † To ensure the land-revenue system, known as â€Å"tax farming,† would continue to supply money to the East India Company’s treasury, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793, an agreement between it and absentee landlords, known as zaminders. Through this policy, peasants who worked the land became the tenants of the zaminders, who, for themselves and the tax collectors, extracted as much as possible from those who cultivated the land. This settlement created a class of Indian landowners loyal to the English and a division in the rural society between the tenants and landlords, which last well into the 20th century. Indian climate is characterized by the monsoon, which generally includes nine months of dry weather followed by three months of rains known as the monsoon. At least once in a decade, the monsoon fails to arrive and a drought occurs. Indians for centuries had set aside a portion of crops to ensure there would be adequate food in times of drought. This practice was so successful that between the 11th and 18th centuries, India experienced only 14 major famines; yet, from 1765-1858, when it was under East India Company control, India suffered through 16 major famines, followed by an average of one famine every two years under British Colonial Office rule from 1859-1914. Under British rule during the 18th century, over 25 million Indians died of famine between: 1 million between 1800 and 1825, 4 million between 1825 and 1850, 5 million between 1850 and 1875, and 15 million between 1875 and 1900 ; more than 30 million deaths occurred from famine between 1870 and1910. Why did tens of millions die from starvation under the East India Company and the British Raj? Why, comparatively speaking, did so many famines occur under Britain’s watch? Historian Laxman D. Satya argues the famines were price-induced and that timely government intervention could have prevented millions of deaths from starvation. State intervention was minimal, however; Lord Curzon acknowledged once that a famine in Indian excited no more attention in Britain than a squall on the Serpentine. Like other European imperialists in the late 18th century, Britain – first through the East India Company – followed a laissez-faire doctrine whereby government interference in the economy was anathema; in addition, famine later was seen as a natural way to control overpopulation. According to Satya, â€Å"†¦ any act that would influence the prices of grains such as charity was to be either strictly monitored or discouraged. Even in the face of acute distress, relief had to be punitive and conditional. † The powers that be also began using famine labor to build an infrastructure – railways, roads – ensuring that revenues would continue to increase, expenditures would be kept low; worst of all, the new infrastructure allowed for the exportation of grain that could have fed the starving. Studies have shown that even in years of official famine – Britain only recognized three periods of famine there was never a shortage of food grains. The problem was that with prices for grains so high and wages stagnant, most people could not afford to buy them. As an example, during the Indian Famine of 1887-88, nearly 44 percent of total exports from Berar, one of the hardest hit provinces, were food grains. Between 1874 and 1903 the province exported an average over 40 tons of grain, and Satya has shown that this could have amounted for nearly 30. pounds of food per person. Historian and social commentator Mike Davis has cited even evidence that grains were exported to Europe for speculative trading while millions were dying of starvation. Since the primary concern for the government was maximizing returns on investments, it didn’t prioritize famine relief, considering those expenditures wasteful; therefore, relief camps were â€Å"deliberately kept in remote locations and beyond the reach of the physically weakened population. What’s more, people seeking relief were required to work on colonial projects as a condition for receiving food – as little as 16-22 ounces of food for a minimum of nine-10 hours of often grueling labor Fearing that Indian nationalists would take to the newspapers – in general, the government had a comparatively lax policy toward the press the Raj implemented tight press control through various laws including the Newspaper Act of 1908 and the Indian Press Act of 1910. It’s important to note that despite these and other attempts at press censorship, a large number of vernacular newspapers were published throughout the country and played an integral role in creating a nationalist/political consciousness in India.