Bulgars, Bulgaria and Bulgarians

The Bulgars were the early people of eastern Europe. The word bulgar derives from an Old Turkic term denoting a mixed background, so some historians think they may have been a Turkic group from central Asia, made up of members of several tribes. Along with the Slavs and the Thracians, the Bulgars were one of the three primary ethnic ancestors of present-day Bulgarians.   The Early Bulgars The Bulgars were noted warriors, and they developed a reputation as fearsome horsemen. It has been theorized that beginning in about 370,  they moved west of the Volga River along with the Huns. In the mid-400s, the Huns  were led by Attila, and the Bulgars apparently joined him in his westward invasions. After Attilas death, the Huns settled in the territory north and east of the Sea of Azov, and once again the Bulgars went with them.   A few decades later, the Byzantines hired the Bulgars to fight against the Ostrogoths. This contact with the ancient, affluent empire gave the warriors a taste for wealth and prosperity, so in the 6th century, they began to attack the nearby provinces of the empire along the Danube in hopes of taking some of that wealth. But in the 560s, the Bulgars themselves came under attack by the Avars. After one tribe of Bulgars was destroyed, the rest of them survived by submitting to yet another tribe from Asia, who departed after about 20 years. In the early 7th century, a ruler is known as Kurt (or Kubrat) unified the Bulgars and built a powerful nation that the Byzantines referred to as Great Bulgaria. Upon his death in 642, Kurts five sons split the Bulgar people into five hordes. One remained on the coast of the Sea of Azov and was assimilated into the empire of the Khazars. A second migrated to central Europe, where it merged with the Avars. And a third disappeared in Italy, where they fought for the Lombards. The last two Bulgar hordes would have better fortune in preserving their Bulgar identities. The Volga Bulgars The group led by Kurt’s son Kotrag migrated far to the north and eventually settled around the point where the Volga and the Kama rivers met. There they split into three groups, each group probably joining with peoples who had already established their homes there or with other newcomers. For the next six centuries or so, the Volga Bulgars flourished as a confederation of semi-nomadic peoples. Although they found no actual political state, they did establish two cities: Bulgar and Suvar. These places benefited as key shipping points in the fur trade between the Russians and Ugrians in the north and the civilizations of the south, which included Turkistan, the Muslim caliphate at Baghdad, and the Eastern Roman Empire. In 922, the Volga Bulgars converted to Islam, and in 1237 they were overtaken by the Golden Horde of the Mongols. The city of Bulgar continue to thrive, but the Volga Bulgars themselves were eventually assimilated into neighboring cultures. The First Bulgarian Empire The fifth heir to Kurts Bulgar nation, his son Asparukh, led his followers west across the Dniester River and then south across the Danube. It was on the plain between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains that they established a nation that would evolve into what is now known as the First Bulgarian Empire. This is the political entity from which the modern state of Bulgaria would derive its name. Initially under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Bulgars were able to found their own empire in 681, when they were officially recognized by the Byzantines. When in 705 Asparukh’s successor, Tervel, helped restore Justinian II to the Byzantine imperial throne, he was rewarded with the title Caesar. A decade later Tervel successfully led a Bulgarian army to assist Emperor Leo III in defending Constantinople against invading Arabs. At about this time, the Bulgars saw an influx of Slavs and Vlachs into their society. After their victory at Constantinople, the Bulgars continued their conquests, expanding their territory under the khans Krum (r. 803 to 814) and Pressian (r. 836 to 852) into Serbia and Macedonia. Most of this new territory was heavily influenced by the Byzantine brand of Christianity. Thus, it was no surprise when in 870, under the reign of Boris I, the Bulgars converted to Orthodox Christianity. The liturgy of their church was in Old Bulgarian, which combined Bulgar linguistic elements with Slavic ones. This has been credited with helping to create a bond between the two ethnic groups; and its true that by the early 11th century, the two groups had fused into a Slavic-speaking people who were, basically, identical to the Bulgarians of today. It was during the reign of Simeon I, the son of Boris I, that the First Bulgarian Empire achieved its zenith as a Balkan nation. Although Simeon evidently lost the lands north of the Danube to invaders from the east, he expanded Bulgarian power over Serbia, southern Macedonia and southern Albania through a series of conflicts with the Byzantine Empire. Simeon, who took for himself the title Tsar of All the Bulgarians, also promoted learning and managed to create a cultural center at his capital of Preslav (present-day Veliki Preslav). Unfortunately, after Simeons death in 937, internal divisions weakened the First Bulgarian Empire. Invasions by Magyars, Pechenegs, and Rus, and reignited conflict with the Byzantines, put an end to the sovereignty of the state, and in 1018 it became incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire In the 12th century, stress from external conflicts reduced the Byzantine Empires hold on Bulgaria, and in 1185 a revolt took place, led by the brothers Asen and Peter. Their success allowed them to establish a new empire, once again led by Tsars, and for the next century, the house of Asen reigned from the Danube to the Aegean and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. In 1202 Tsar Kaloian (or Kaloyan) negotiated a peace with the Byzantines that gave Bulgaria complete independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. In 1204, Kaloian recognized the authority of the pope and thus stabilized the western border of Bulgaria. The second empire saw increased trade, peace, and prosperity. A new golden age of Bulgaria flourished around the cultural center of Turnovo (present-day Veliko Turnovo). The earliest Bulgarian coinage dates to this period, and it was around this time that the head of the Bulgarian church attained the title of patriarch. But politically, the new empire wasnt particularly strong. As its internal cohesiveness eroded, external forces began to take advantage of its weakness. The Magyars resumed their advances, the Byzantines took back portions of Bulgarian land, and in 1241, Tatars began raids that continued for 60 years. Battles for the throne among various noble factions lasted from 1257 to 1277, at which point peasants revolted due to the heavy taxes their warring overlords had imposed on them. As a result of this uprising, a swineherd by the name of Ivaylo took the throne; he wasnt ousted until the Byzantines lent a hand.   Only a few years later, the Asen dynasty died out, and the Terter and Shishman dynasties that followed saw little success in maintaining any real authority. In 1330, the Bulgarian Empire reached its lowest point when Serbs slew Tsar Mikhail Shishman at the Battle of Velbuzhd (present-day Kyustendil). The Serbian Empire took control of Bulgarias Macedonian holdings, and the once-formidable Bulgarian empire began its last decline. It was on the verge of breaking apart into lesser territories when the Ottoman Turks invaded. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Turks, who had been mercenaries for the Byzantine Empire in the 1340s, began attacking the Balkans for themselves in the 1350s. A series of invasions prompted the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman to declare himself a vassal of Sultan Murad I in 1371; yet still, the invasions continued. Sofia was captured in 1382, Shumen was taken in 1388, and by 1396 there was nothing left of Bulgarian authority.   For the next 500 years, Bulgaria would be ruled by the Ottoman Empire in what is generally viewed as a dark time of suffering and oppression. The Bulgarian Church, as well as the empires political rule, was destroyed. The nobility either was killed, fled the country, or accepted Islam and was assimilated into Turkish society. The peasantry now had Turkish lords. Every now and then, male children were taken from their families, converted to Islam and raised to serve as Janissaries. While the Ottoman Empire was at its height of power, the Bulgarians under its yoke could live in relative peace and security, if not freedom or self-determination. But when the empire began to decline, its central authority could not control local officials, who were sometimes corrupt and at times even downright vicious.   Throughout this half a millennium, Bulgarians held stubbornly to their Orthodox Christian beliefs, and their Slavic language and their unique liturgy kept them from becoming absorbed into the Greek Orthodox Church. The Bulgarian peoples thus retained their identity, and when the Ottoman Empire began to crumble in the late 19th century, the Bulgarians were able to establish an autonomous territory.   Bulgaria was declared an independent kingdom, or tsardom, in 1908.

Does the amount of time on social media hinder or help an individuals grades at school - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 586 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Social media usage by students has recently increased because of easy access to devices such as smart phones, tablets and laptops which are connected to the internet. It is perceived that school grades will suffer when spending too much time on social sites such as Facebook. Social media is an online platform in which the exchange ideas, feelings, personal information, pictures and videos is shared. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does the amount of time on social media hinder or help an individuals grades at school" essay for you Create order The number of students that use social media is drastically increasing it has gone to seventy-three percent of wired American teens now use social media websites (Dijck). Social networking became popular between 2004 and 2006, after Facebook and Myspace were created. Facebook, for example has over 500 million members and it is still growing and approximately 85% of undergraduate students are Facebook users. These numbers are expected to grow since Facebook users will continue to grow (Dijck). Just like that an overwhelming number of students are using social media and this new trend does not seem to be slowing down any time soon. This relates to sociology because in the upcoming years social media and the usage of phones has drastically increased and social media is another potential distraction to a student. With the popularity of social networking websites on the rise, our social interaction is affected in multiple ways as we adapt to our increasingly technological world. The way web users interact and talk to each other has changed and still is changing continuously. But what makes social media different from any other distractions that kept students away from their academic potential? It is the fact that people just pick up the phone and start scrolling through Instagram without even noticing. Since most people always have their phones on them, it is very convenient. Social media comes with both good and bad when it comes to how it influences a persons education. Some ways social media benefits an individual is by making it easier to collaborate with other students, it can help receive instantaneous feedback and even foster creativity. The internet has changed the way teenagers speak and write the English language by making misspelling and shorten words, people tends to type faster on the Internet and this generates a unique behavior that ignores proper language. On top of that many student type/texts more than they write so this trait may even be carried on to school. With all this good, comes its negative as well. Social media now directly influences how people communicate with one another, although it is now easier to communicate with someone far away, social media has shown to decrease face to face interactions (Staff writers). Also, not as many people use social media for academic use. In a study conducted by Shana, (2012), it was revealed that students use social network mainly for making friends and chatting. The result showed that only 26 percent of the students (respondents) indicated that they use social media for academic purpose. To carry out this experiment I would be send out as an anonymous survey asking about how much time a person spends on social media a week and then ask what their current gpa is. The paper will also ask them to identify their gender. This survey can be asked to not only college students but high school students as well. Not only will the data be separated by age but also by gender to see if that has any influence as well. The location in which this survey will take place is New York City, since this is a very diverse city.

Google Total Compensation Plan - 1885 Words

Human Resource Management Google total compensation plan November 04, 2009 Introduction Google is a monopoly, and it has a different and special structure. Employees are linked between themselves, and after in a moment they become autonomous. In this paper we are going to talk about the total Compensation plan, and we are going to explain its importance in this company. First of all we are going to indentify Google’s pay philosophy. We will explain the terms of lead, match and lag and how they are used in this company. Then the most important part of our project is the direct financial compensation, the wages, the salaries, the incentives, and also the indirect financial compensation which is the mandatory and voluntary†¦show more content†¦Google has a very special way to reward its employees and especially with non-financial compensations. Indeed Google gives to its employees a lot of non financial advantages. First the schedule is adapted to everyone and very flexible. The schedule is composed with two kinds of workshop, that is to say flexible one which correspond to the autonomous works and researches and the set time workshops which correspond to the teamwork and other team activities. Second the facilities of Google are made to be pleasant for employees the can use their bikes inside the building, play a lot of games during their breaks even relax on a massage chair. Everything is made to create a good work atmosphere and to awake the creativity. We would say that Google reward program is very complete and made to satisfy every employee and to get the best from them. The people who are interested in money will be happy because of the good salaries and indirect financial compensations whereas people who prefer a flexible schedule and other non-financial compensations (because they want to have free time for their family or because it is important to relax at their workplace) will find what they need with this reward program. In our opinion the homogeneity of the reward program and the advance of Google in Human resource Management explain the success of this firm and its ability to innovate. Performance appraisal methods In a big company as Google is hard toShow MoreRelatedHr Report1523 Words   |  7 Pagescareer development plan, but they need to receive support from the organization in doing so. Google’s approach as a corporation leaves it up to the employees to knows what what’s out there and available to them for a successful career path. Self-reliance and the urgency is the approach Google would like to see in its employees an opportunistic attitude that will drive an individual approach towards his or her successful career path. Some of the development tools that Google offers are GoogleEDURead MoreHr Practices in Google1146 Words   |  5 PagesHR PRACTICES IN GOOGLE 1. 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Secondly, we prepared a broad audit plan that focuses on material types of transactions, transaction cycles, high and low riskRead MoreRecruitment Of Talent And Talent Retention Essay1554 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesemployees and over 100 million total assets (Shaofu, Ye. Personal communication. November 30, 2016). However, according to Mr. Shaofu’ s words (Shaofu, Ye. Personal communication. November 30, 2016), now the employees in the company started to complain about the employee treatment of the company and a substantial portion of staff in the company including senior and old employees choose to leave the company. 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Narcissistic Behavior from Media and Social Media - 685 Words

I believe media and social media plays a large role in the rise in narcissistic behavior in Western society. Facebook, YouTube are primary examples. I also felt that parenting philosophies of today play a part in the rise, as well. We have kids on YouTube taping the beatings of other classmates, you can post anything on Facebook and you can have phony friends on social media...doesnt anyone get to know someone before calling them a friend? I feel our society is full of phony counterparts; friends, beauty, rich people, celebrities, athletes, education, parent/child relationships, and our economy. I feel its almost as if society is living in a grandiose fantasy, and some of us (who actually see this happening) are left on the outside, looking in. Personally, I like being on the outside. I also felt current parenting philosophies, media and social media plays a large role in societys narcissistic behavior. Parents are often overindulgent and parents and educators are being told to teach self-esteem to the point that our children often feel that the world revolves around me. Self-esteem is a very important part of growing up, yet we also need to teach our children that the feelings and respect for others are just as important. Media makes models look picture perfect, even when they arent. Our social interaction on the Internet allows others to be disrespectful and hurtful while remaining anonymous (or not). Bullying and beatings are being filmed and posted onShow MoreRelatedNarcissistic Personality Disorder ( Npd )1578 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to DSM-IV-TR Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is characterized by symptoms that include grandiosity, an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy for others. This type of personality disorder is re lated to another disordered called, histrionic personality disorder. 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Since the 20th century, there has been drastic growth in social media, computers, television, movies and the Internet, and the information passed in these media platforms influences people’s life. Media presentations are designed to attract a larger number of the audience rather than

My Agreement Essay Paper Example For Students

My Agreement Essay Paper With Steinbecks SuggestionSteinbeck suggests that in ?The Pearl ,which he wrote, desires of men and women tend to be quite different and I agree with it. Men and women have different thoughts and treated differently. It is true that men uses strength and women uses brains and that men always make troubles. In our society, usually men protect their women and children. With this in our minds, men and women feel themselves different, taught differently when they are born, and usually have different desires. We can learn from ?The Pearl that such as Kino, whom is the man, would start the trouble and pulls Coyotito, Whom is Kinosson, to death. But for Juana, the woman, knew something bad wasgoing to happen when she saw the pearlbut to not destroy her husband, Kino, s dreams, she keeps her mouth shut. I agree with Steinbecks suggestion in ?The Pearl that the desires of men and woman tend to be quite different. In my opinion, Men have strong pride and never want to loose especially in strength. As in ?The Pearl when Juana, who is Kinos wife, asked to throw the pearl that he found away, Kino only thought about winning and fighting. ?I will fight this thing. I will win over it. We will have our chance.? (P.57) Right after a bloodyfight with the man who was aiming for the pearl, Kino became selfish and forgot about his dreams. Only Juana knew that the pearl was evil and told. ?Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones.? (P.56) But she did not want to make her husband disappointed and didnt beg him because sheknew that he will never give up the pearl. Like Juana, women cares about others feelings. In my opinion, men are also more didnt argue about this because she did not want to destroy Kinos dreams. Like Juana, women have passion which shows that women dont want to hurt others feelings. I also think that women are more careful than men. Women usually knows what they are doing, but men mostly make problems. When Kino said, ?I am a man.? (P.57) ?It meant that Kino would drive his strength against a mountain and plunge his strength against the sea. Juana in her womans soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the mand drowned in it.? (P.59~60)This means that Juana knew that Kino is fighting with society and would collapse. Kino accepted this when Coyotito, Kinos son, died. This shows that men rush into things carelessly. I think that women desires of men and men desires of women. Like Juana loved and needed Kino and thought,?And yet it was this thing that made him a man, half insane and half god, and Juana had need of a man; she could not live without a man. Although she might be puzzled by these differences between man and woman, she knew them and accepted them and needed them? (P.60)As the quote explains that a women like Juana want and need a man like Kino. ? In Kinos head there was asong now, clear and soft, and if he had been able to speak of it, he would have called it the Song of the Family.?(P.2)The Song of the Family shows the love of his family, Juana and Coyotito. Kino fell in love with Juana and the love of needing shown in the Song of the Family. Therefore Men and women are have different thoughts and taught unequally. I figured what Steinbeck was trying to show about men and women how Juana and Kinos thoughts about the pearl were different. Juana had wise decisions which meant women dont makeproblems than men make.So I agree with Steinbecks suggestion thatoften selfish than woman. When Kino said, ?No one shall take our good fortune from us,? (p.57) he only thought about himself and made everyone his enemy. Juana desires of man and women tend to be quite different.

Southwest Airlines Business Model free essay sample

The airlines industry has historically been one of the most unprofitable industries. The reason can be explained when incorporating Michael Porter’s famous Five Forces Model. The threat of competition is Southwest Airlines Co. (NYSE: LUV) is an American low-cost airline based in Dallas, Texas, with its largest focus city at Las Vegas McCarran International Airport. It is the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and (as of December 31, 2007) also the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. It is also the 6th largest U.S. airline by revenue. [8] It also maintains the third-largest fleet of aircraft among all of the worlds commercial airlines. As of July 12, 2008, Southwest operates approximately 3,500 flights daily. Southwest Airlines has carried more customers than any other U. S. airline since August 2006 for combined domestic and international passengers according to the U. S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics. [9] Southwest Airlines is one of the worlds most profitable airlines and in January 2008, posted a profit for the 35th consecutive year. Southwest Airlines was originally incorporated to serve three cities in Texas as Air Southwest on March 15, 1967, by Rollin King and Herb Kelleher. According to frequently-cited story, King described the concept to Kelleher over dinner by drawing on a paper napkin a triangle symboliziSouthwest Airlines founder Herb Kelleher studied California-based Pacific Southwest Airlines extensively and used many of the airlines ideas to form the corporate culture at Southwest, and even on early flights used the same Long Legs And Short Nights theme for stewardesses on board typical Southwest Airlines flights. The airline adopted the first profit-sharing plan in the U. S. airline industry in 1973. Through this plan and others, employees own about 10 percent of the company stock. ng the routes. (Dallas, Houston, San Antonio)[11] he rest of 1971 and 1972 saw operating losses. One of the four aircraft was sold to Frontier Airlines and the proceeds used to make payroll and cover other expenses. Southwest continued to operate a schedule predicated on four aircraft but using only three, and in so doing the ten minute turn was born, and was the standard ground time for many years. 16] Southwest turned its first annual profit in 1973, and has done so every year since — a record unmatched by any other commercial airline. Southwest has used financial techniques such as fuel hedging to bolster its profitability and counteract many of the fiscal disadvantages of operating an airline. Fuel cost containment measures Southwest Airlines earned a reputation for being very aggressive and proactive about containing fuel costs as a key to maintaining profit margins. [19] With fuel being an airlines most important variable cost, Southwests measures have become a model for the industry. Hedging fuel Southwest has a longtime program to hedge fuel prices. It has purchased fuel options years in advance to smooth out fluctuations in fuel costs. In 2000, Southwest said it had adjusted its hedging strategy to utilize financial derivative instruments when it appears the Company can take advantage of market conditions. Additionally, the company hoped to take advantage of historically low jet fuel prices. SEC statement Southwests decision proved to be a prescient and, for a time, extremely profitable effort. To lock in the low historical prices Southwest believed were occurring at that time, Southwest used a mixture of swaps and call options to secure fuel in future years while paying prices they believed were low. The company also stated that with this new strategy, it faced substantial risks if the oil prices continued to go down, but they did not. Previously, Southwest had been more interested in reducing volatility of oil prices. Now, they hoped to reap large gains from oil price appreciation. In 2001, Southwest again substantially increased its hedging in response to projections of increased crude oil prices. The use of these hedges helped Southwest maintain its profitability during the oil shocks related to the Iraq War and later Hurricane Katrina. According to an annual report, here is the companys fuel hedge for forward years (approximate per barrel basis, as of mid-January): 2007 is 95% hedged at $50/barrel; 2008 is 65% hedged at $49/barrel; 2009 is over 50% hedged at $51/barrel; 2010 is over 25% hedged at $63/barrel; 2011 is over 15% hedged at $64/barrel; 2012 is 15% hedged at $63/barrel. According to its 2006 Annual Report, Southwest paid low prices for fuel thanks to the benefit of fuel hedges: †¢2004 82. 8 cents/gallon †¢2005 103. 3 cents/gallon †¢2006 153. 0 cents/gallon These are well below market rates, which Southwest factors into its low operating costs. However, this below-market oil cost will not continue forever; executives have said that Southwest faces increased exposure to the raw oil market every year. This is not a good sign for the airline, which is also facing tough competition from US legacy carriers that have lowered costs through bankruptcy. Southwest CEO Gary Kelly has decided to slow the airlines growth as a response to this cost. Some analysts have argued against the style of profit-motivated energy trading Southwest did between 1999 and the early 2000s. They suggested that rather than hedging business risk, (such as a hedge on weather to a farmer), Southwest was simply speculating on energy prices, without a formal rationale for doing so.